Use of recycle aqueous acrylonitrile condensate in butadiene-1,3 emulsion polymerization



E. O. OHSOL I'AL USE 0F RECYCLE AQUEOUS ACRYLONITRILE June 12, 1951 2,556,851

coNDENsATE 5 EMULsIoN POLYMERIZATION IN BUTADIENE-l, Filed Sept. 10, 1948 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 all' OM A

YUKAI tutu# X552;

Kuki) l June 12, 1951 E. o. oHsoL ETAL usE oF REcYcLE AQuEoUs ACRYLONITRILE coNDENsATE IN BUTADIENE-1,3 EMULSION POLYMERIZATION Filed Sept. l0. 1948 2 Sheets-Sheet -2 Patented June 12, 1951 UNITED STATES Applicationseptember 10, y19,48, vSerial No.48,7 7 8 l:2U-Claims. 1 This application is a continuation-in-part of an earlier application Serial No. 470,776, -iiled December 31, 1942., now abandoned.

The Ypresent inventionpertains to theproductionand finishing of emulsion polymerizates and particularly to amethod and apparatus iornshsuchpolymerizatesin a continuous manner.

I t is anobject of this inventionto provide the art with a method and apparatus whereby a Waterslurry ofsynthetic rubberelike emulsion poly- Inerizate can be produced continuously lin a novel and highly advantageous and expeditious manner.

.In view yof the current shortage of natural rubber, it is essential to devisemethods whereby synthetic rubber-like emulsion polymeriza-tes,

particularly of the Buna VS and Perbunan jtypes maybemade in large volume and with ,uniform properties. Continuous operation is particularly suited to reach these objectives since smaller /diolen Recycled condensate (essentially Edistilled water, with some dissolved ethylenic Inonomer such as styrene or acrylonitrile) is vstored in tank l3, while tank 6' holds jfresh monoolenic or ethylenicmonomer, which is run into tank 'I where it is'blended with some recovered and -recycled monoolen. Tank '9 Vis a catalyst. ldissolving tank in which a solution of catalystis-made up, for example, a solution of potassium or ammonium `persulfate inwater. -Tank 3 is 'a tank inwhich a supply of liquidpolymerizationmodivfying agent, such as Lorol mercaptan-'a mixture of ualiphatic -mercaptans 'prepared from proximately 55 `percent offC12,-'30Hpercent of^C14 -and- 15 4percent of C16 alcohols) isY kept at a unimform composition. A supply of causticsoda solutiongis-kept intank-I 4and a supply -of oleic acid isstored in heated tank 5. All of the blending and dissolving tanks are provided Ywith 'suitable stirring means. Asolution'or emulsionof'inhibitor is made up in tank I0. In the process to :be described, two types of inhibitors are required, one a polymerization inhibitor to serve as 'an emergency short-stop for the reaction step in case/a reactor should run away and lfor addition to the latex just prior to stripping toprevent polymerization during stripping; the other a storage stabilizer to give the finished vrubber oxidation resistance and storage stability. I t is possible ,to combine both functions in hone inhibitor, for example, by the use of phenyl-'betanaphthylamine in the manufacture Vof Perbunan This may be suitably made up as a stable dispersion by grinding the powderina ball mill withwa soap and water, or as asolution in a suitable vsol-- vent such as benzene, or'as a true emulsion 0f, -flor example, a benzene solution in water,

Y The various raw materials are added to Vveach ,batchreactor by a suitable means, such as `utomtic cutoff metering pumps I I, I2, I 3, I4, I5, I6, I'I and I8, each set to deliver the proper amount Aof each material to any reactor. The order of addition of reactants may ybe varied; jfior example, the Water may vbe edded''rst, then the caustic soda, then the oleic acid (or other vfatty acid A or other emulsifying agent component) simultaneously with the ethylenic monomer or monoolen (acrylonitrile or styrene or the like), then thecatalyst, then the promoter, and finally the diolen (butadiene or isoprene or the like).

rUsually itis desirable rto add only part of uthe vmodiiier at rst and add the rest at intervals lduring the reaction. ,At times the catalyst may also'be advantageously added'in a portionwise imanner. Another method of addition c ou'ldv be to add `the monoolen rst, then the promoter, then the oleic acid, then the causticand water, then the lclioleiin, and iinally the catalyst.VV

Ihe enclosed polymerizers or reactors I9, 120,52 I, and '22 vare provided with an eflicient type of stirrer suitable for establishing and maintaining an emulsion in the vessel. A turbine type of agitator maybe used, for example. -It is often advantageous to run the agitator at a Vhigh speed at'the beginning of a polymerization runduring the setting up of the emulsion, `followed by la reduction in speed during the balancevofthe run, both tosave power and to prevent breaking the emulsion as the reactants polymerize-to 4I noresolid particles. A' batch polymerization run will genthe system shown in the drawing the latex 3 erally last from `6 to 24 hours, depending upon the materials polymerized, the type and amount of catalyst and promoter and the temperature. For example, it has been found advantageous in the manufacture of butadiene-nitrile rubber to operate with the reactors at 35 C. for the rst hour or two and at 40 C. until the completion of the run, which takes about twelve hours more. The monomers are usually copolymerized in the emulsion reaction in approximately the same proportions in which they are present in the feed, thoughuinrthe case of butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers the product may be slightly richer in average acrylonitrile content than the feed; and the conversion obtained will be from 55 to 95 percent, usually around 65 to 75 percent. The

polymerization equipment is preferably corrosion y resistant, either stainless steel (at least as the lining) or glass, in order tol avoid inhibition or misguidance of the reaction. Temperature control is usually obtained by suitable jacketing 4 discharged into flash drum 23 a quantity of ine hibitor suiiicient to stop polymerization is prei` erably added either to the flash drum or advantageously to the latex line. This may be the same as the reaction short-stop inhibitor. It may be desirable tc have an agitator in flash drum 23. In general, the ash drum should have sulcient storage capacity to hold more than one batch, so that it may be fed discontinuously from batch reactors while feeding latex to the finishing system continuously. It is further advantageous to provide a fair amount of latex holding capacity to level out variations from batch to batch and yield a more uniform iinished product and also to reduce to a minimum, Variations Y in the liquid level in the flash drum and conse- It is not necessary that the polymerization be carried out as a batch reaction since it been found possible to conduct the polymerization continuously with the reactant emulsion iiowing tl-irough several reactors in series similar .tothese shown in thedrawing for batch polymerization. A pre-emulsier may be used ahead of the series of continuous polymerizers. Continuous polymer.-

vization offers some simplification in scheduling of operations and possibly a saving in labor, al- .though in most cases it is somewhat easier to obtain better control of product quality and utilization of reactants in batch polymerization.

As mentioned previously, the rate of reaction is controlled by the catalytic ingredients and by the temperature. The exothermic heat of reaction is removed by cooling water usually circulated through the reactor jackets (after the preliminary warming-up period). The temperature in the' reactors is maintained by raising or lowering the amount or temperature of cooling water circulated. Ii the reaction should for some unusual reason tend to increase its velocity so that the heat of reaction raises the temperature of jthe reactor .faster than heat can be removed by .the available cooling facilities, the rate of reaction will build up and may become violent. In

.such Aa case the inhibitor should be introduced.

Tinto the reactor through the lines B6, 8l, S8 and 89 provided therefor.

After a batch is considered to have reached its optimum conversion level (determined by taking small latex samples and testing them) the con tents of a reactor are released through the bottom and allowed to iow into latex iiash drum .23. Due to the incomplete conversion in the reactor, there will be a considerable amount of unreacted volatile hydrocarbon (such as butadiene or isofprene) lin the reactor, exerting a considerable vapor pressure ordinarily in the neighborhood of 20 to 70 pounds per square inch gauge. In is forced to the flash drum by this pressure, the

'pressure in the iiash drum being maintained at an appreciably lower level by releasing vapors through release valve 24 to the suction of a dielefin recovery compression system. It is convenient, especially in cases where butadiene is the principal volatile material, to maintain the pressure in drum at around atmospheric pressure, or slightly above, e. g., at 0 to 5 pounds per square inch gauge. The release valve 2li may very advantageously be an automatic back-pressure Yrelease valve. At the same time as each .batch is quently minimizing variations in the hydrostatic head on the eutlet from the flash drum. It is `further advantageous to provide a suitable vessel ually blending off any olf-test latex.

From ash drum 23 the latex ows under its own pressure to vacuum flash drum 2S, wherein a low pressure such as 1 to 2 pounds per square inch absolute is maintained by pulling oi vapors through valve 2'! to the suction of a recovery compressor or other suitable means.v Valve 21 may also advantageously be an automatic back pressure release valve. The'rate of latex flow is controlled at a steady value, corresponding to the average rate of production of polymer, by valve 25 which may very advantageously be an automatic flow controller, wherein a control valve of suitable streamlined non-pluggingY design `(available commercially) is actuated by the pres'- sure drop across an orifice or preferably across 'a Venturi meter shown in the line for discharging latex from flash drum 23. In both flash drums the latex remains still essentially at its polymerization temperature 'or may be up to ten degrees below that temperature.

The use of two successive flash drumsV or vtanks in series is particularly necessary in the production of butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers and is predicated upon the following facts. Substantially complete recovery of monomers from the latex product is important for obvious reasons of economy, as well as industrial safety since the mono"- mers lare fairly explosive or toxicv or both and particularly acrylonitrile is rather malodorus. Vacuum ashing of butadiene is essential or lat least highly desirable because the ratio of volatilities or" the two monomers is greatest at low `pressures so that the lower the pressure, the less nitrile is vaporiaed in the exhaustive butadiene iiashing step and therefore the lessopportunity for. the relatively reactive nitrile to foul up the butadiene recycle system. Conversely, an incomplete :dashing of butadiene at this stage would result in a loss cf residual butadiene-in the subsequent nitrile stripping step since there the stripped vapors are condensed at or below atmospheric pressure. Y l Vacuum flashing being desirable for the aforementioned reascn of selectivity, it is .highly .ad- Vantageous to use at least two successive flash tanks in series, the rst one serving to flash off unpolymerized monomers at relativelymoderate temperatures to approximately atmospheric pressure, thereby allowing readyv withdrawal'o'f latex to storage at this point which is desirable to make the process as flexible aspossible;v the second ilash tank serves to complete the butadiene stripping operationto the required extent abbassa moderate temperatures. In addition -to the exbility f-eature Ajust mentioned, this two-stage -far- -rangement also offers a '-very signicant lecoized l'fby the usual practice of using multistage compression whenever 'the compression -`ratiofexceeds the conventional limit, but further work is saved in the present Aprocess since the total amount of gas requiring re-compression on'the compression side of --the re-cycle is actually smaller because the gas Withdrawn at atmospheric pressure from the yirst flash-off stage can be fed into the atmospheric interstage of the compressor Yfor re-compression to the nal pressure prevailing in the reactor, while only the gas from the second flash-off stage requires re-compression all 'the way rfrom the lultimate sub-atmospheric flashing pressure of aboutV `l to `2 pounds per square inch absolute back to the pressure of about 20 to '70 pounds per square Ainch gauge prevailing in the reactor.

Onthe other hand, where isoprene or'other less volatile diolens are used, e. g., in the production of copolymerized isoprene-styrene rubbers or resins, good recovery and smooth operation can be obtained by one flashing stage followed by a steam stripping operation. In this case the isoprene not recovered by flashing will come over and largely condense with the styrene in the stripping step. Furthermore, especially in the production of the resins prepared from a major proportion of styrene and minor proportion of isoprene the conversions are usually so high thatA the monomer recovery is a far less important problem, especially from the economic view point. Referring again to the drawing, the'latex upon leaving the second flash drum 26 enters a plurality of strippers 29, 3U, 3l, 32, flowing through them continuously in series, While steam is introduced into each through lines `33, 34, 35, 36. In the drawing the latex flows by gravity from each vessel to the next, the vessels all 'being maintained under the same pressure. The rate of steam admission to each is suitably controlled, for example, by an automatic valve actuated by the pressure in each stripper and operating'to hold a steady pressure Withinnarrow limits, or actuated by a flow measuring device to provide a steady rate of steam flow. The temperature in the stripping zones is maintained below about 60 C. to prevent deterioration of the polymer.

An antifoam agent from line Si) is added in small amounts to each stripper. The details of the principles governing the number, size, shape, etc. of the strippers are disclosed in copending application of A. D. Green, U. S. Serial No. 467,- 931, filed December 5, 1942, now U. S. Patent 2,451,332. Instead of a series of individual vessels, continuous stripping may be accomplished in a plate-type column designed to provide proper conditions for holdup time, foam elimination and avoidance of plugging, as set forth in the copending U. S. patent of Ohsol and Waterman, No. t

2,433,060. Instead of introducing steam into each stripping stage, in another modification essentially equivalent to the vaforementioned stripping column it is advantageous in certain cases to concentrate the recovered monoolein (e. g. acryvlonitrile) in stripping by introducing steam only vthe pressures in each stage increasing successively f l'sideralcle solubility such vas 6 one stage Ltu :the next. It imay be yadvar-i-tageous for:purposesoffbetterlevel control to pump Afrom :eachfstage-in any-case "The vapors from the strippers pass to one or more steam boosters 9|, 192, :to permit operation `of the-strippers ata lower pressure (and `hence styrene latices `will deteriorate lupon appreciable kexposure Ato `high -temperatures--particularly in presence `of 'inorganic salts) and Ywhenever the -vaporrpressure of the stripped vapors is relatively Ehi-gh, so that *they v:will -no't -condense under the necessary stripping pressure at ordinary cooling water temperature. For example, the strippers rmay be maintained -at l75-200smm.` Hg absolute pressure and the c'ondensers at 350 mm. absolute. The boosters discharge a mixture of steam and 'Stripping vapors into condensers 93, 94, wherein essentially all the water and most of the organic vapors condense and run into receivers v$35 and 96. "The residual vapors are removed by steam ejectors i|00 and llll if the condensation is conducted under vacuum. O-f course, mechanical vapor compression 'by compressors, vacuum pumps, orblowers may be used instead o'f steam boosters and ejectors.

'The receivers Iare large enough to permit the condensate to settle out any organic layer particularly when a relatively water-insoluble monomer such las styrene iis used, which may be continuously drawn off and recovered as at 98 to be recycledto the'polymerizers. The aqueous layer yis then preferably recycled to be used as water for making up theemulsion in the polymerizers. This feature is particularly important and unexpectedly advantageous when a material of conacrylonitrile is stripped in which case there may be no oily layer at all, it`being dissolved in the water as a solution containing up to about 8 per cent or usually 1 to '6 Yper centof acrylonitrile.

The novelstep of recycling this dilute nitrile solution is particularly advantageous since it allows substantially complete recovery of the -valuable'unreacted acrylonitrile in a manner not previously thought of. Relatively exhaustive stripping o'f nitrile from the latex is essential not primarily forpurposes of recovery but rather rbecause even small amounts of free nitrile are intolerable in the latex during subsequentprooess'ingoperations and-even less tolerable in the `finished product in View of the great toxicity part of ythis dilute -nitrile solution canbe recycled'as `such to the emulsification or polymeriyzation zone and actually serve as the aqueous ypolymerization medium.l Thereby a double advantage is obtained; in the rst place, lessentially complete nitrile recovery is -made #possible -and secondly, a large amount of steam generation is saved in that the steam used in the stripping step, after condensation in the form of the -nitrile solution, is used as the polymerization medium where otherwise it has been usually i necessary to emulsify the reactive monomers in distilled water or steam condensate obtained kfrom a separate source solely for the purpose densate from the first one or two strippers can.

be recycled and the rest discarded. This is the -principal purpose of having two or more strippers and condenser-receivers, so that lthe richer material from the rst stripper or strippers, which material contains about 70 percentor more of the nitrile monomer originally present in the polymerized latex, can be kept separate and recovered by recycling whereas the extremely dilute surplus condensates from `the subsequent stripping stages can be discarded with only a relatively negligible loss of monomer. In the drawing the two condensation systems are manifolded so that the rst one, two or three strippers can feed the recycle system and the rest can run to waste.

In a case where appreciable monomer would be lost by this Waste stream, the countercurrent flow of vapors as mentioned above has its advantages, in that there is a higher concentration of nitrile in the rst stages of the stripping system and a lower concentration in the last stages. The boosters are preferably controlled (control valve on steam to booster) to maintain a fixed pressure differential between stripper and condenser, or the one being fixed, to hold a steady pressure in the other. It may be preferable, when better control of pressures is desired, to have a separate booster for each stripper.

The latex leaving the strippers is pumped through cooler 42 into a repressuring vessel 43 provided with an eiicient agitator 52 such as a turbine mixer or a propeller. One to five per- -cent of a repressuring liquid, e. g., a non-acetlyenic hydrocarbon having up to 5, preferably 3 to 5 carbon atoms, such as butadiene (which may be conveniently withdrawn from the butadiene recycle stream) propane, propylene, normal and branched chain butylene, amylene, iscprene or a non-hydrocarbon substance such as ethyl chloride, pump 44 (or other suitable means of feed such as automatic displacement meter or automatic throttling valve actuated by rate of flow) and is admixed with the latex entering the repressuring vessel. The latex is precooled in order to prevent deterioration of its physical properties upon addition of coagulating brine, and to facilitate solution of the repressuring agent in the latex. The purpose and manner of carrying out the repressuring of latex is described in the copending U. S. patent of W. W. Waterman and B. M. Vanderbilt, No. 2,393,348. The repressuring agent causes certain types of latices such as Perbunan latex to precipitate in the form of relatively small, non-sticky particles upon addition of coagulating agent. Buna-S latex is relatively unaffected by this procedure and particle size and stickiness during coagulation may be controlled by addition of a suitis fed through proportioning Avalve 49 on the coagulator.

tube.

abledivalent metallic salt during or immediately vafter coagulation. In the coagulation of latices ofl modified styrene resins, repressuring may also be dispensed with, as disclosed in application of Waterman and Parker, U. S. Seral No. 455,730, led August 22, 1942, now U. S. Patent 2,393,208, by controlling the temperature and concentration of the latex before coagulation.

The repressured latex leaves repressuring drum 43 through valve 4B, the opening of which may advantageously be automatically controlled to maintain a proper level in drum 43. This valve should be of the free opening, non-piugging type.

The latex thereupon enters continuous coagulator 41, provided with means for insuring a high degree of agitation at the point where the latex andbrine come into contact. It has been found that a propeller type agitator surrounded by a coaxial draft tube performs this function very efficiently and produces a slurry of coagulated rubber in brine of a uniform and not too large particle size. The propeller diameter should be about 75 to 90 percent of the draft tube diameter, and the speed of revolution, pitch, and diameter of the propeller should besuch that the slurry flowing through the draft tube will have a high degree of turbulence (high Reynolds number:

Diameter of tube mass velocity/viscosity). rIhe pressure in the coagulator in Perbunan operation is maintained at the value required to insure formation of coagulated particles of the desired size and degree of tack. In general, the higher the pressure, the finer and the less tacky the'particles. Ordinariiy the pressure kept is in the neighborhood of 5-15 pounds per square inch gauge.

A .very convenient means of controiling this pressure is to add a slight excess of repressuring agent in drum d3 and release this excess through Valve 49 is conveniently an automatic back pressure regulator, and Fl is a rate of i'low indicator by which the rate of excess gas release may be checked to form a basis for-setting the rate of supply of repressuring liquid by pump 44. rlihe brine is suppiied to the coagulator through automatic flow control valve 5l, set to correspond to the rate of latex admission by valve 25. The latex and brine are both admitted preferably directly into the draft The volume ratio of brine inlet fiow to latex inlet iiow will ordinarily be from 9.5 to 1.5, depending upon the emulsifying agent, amount of repressuring agent used, etc. The brine used may be ordinary salt brine, preferably purified in accordance with the copending application U. S. Serial No. 409,871, filed September 5, 19er, by B. M. Vanderbilt, and now abandoned. The holding time in the coagulator need not be long, one or two minutes being ample with sulicient agitation.

The slurry leaves the coagulator through a level control valve i8 or, if desired, an overnow might be used instead, with the following ash drum located at an elevated position. The level control valve should be of the free opening, streamlined type. The slurry flashes oif the remaining `epressuring agent in slurry flash drum 53, the vapors passing through an automatic back pressure control Valve to the surge drum iii for the rst compression stage, if the repressuring agent is the same as the recovered diolefm. Otherwise a separate recovery system maybe used or the material could be discarded. A small amount of steam may be injected into the slurry in 53 if desired, to aid in removing the last traces of volatile .abbassa material. The Vslurry is pumped from drum"-3 :at a rate controlled if desired, by a level Ycontroller such as 54 (non-clogging type) and fed to slurry tank 55.

It is convenient to have the slurry tank 55 of a fairly large size to afford another opportunity for blending the coagulate to ensure uniformity. Also the tank should have suicient .capacity to ensure continuity of operation during lminor Ishutdowns of rotary filter 56, which is fed from 55 via pump 5l. Constant level in the lter box 55 is maintained with the aid vof overflow return line 58. The rotary Vacuum filter picks up a cake of coagulated rubber 60, the dewatering of which may be aided by one or more press rolls, and 4a spray may also be provided to aid in washing away the salt. Thel cake falls into repulper 59 wherein it is broken up and resuspended in water. The ltrate and air sucked in by the filter passes to filtrate receiver 6i, wherein the filtrate (salt solution) separates and is removed by pump 63,130 be either discarded or recycled to the coagulation step. The air in @I is removed by vacuum pump 62. The resuspended slurry is passed through leaching tank 54 provided with suitable agitation equipment to maintain the slurry, to allow time for solution of the emulsifying agent adsorbed on the slurry particles (as disclosed in U. S. application Serial No. 413,582, filed October 4, 1941, by Waterman and Ohsol, and now abandoned). A small amount of acid may be added to 6e as desired.

lThe slurry from 64 overiows into `a second lccntinuous rotary filter 65, which may be 'essentially a duplicate of 55. The cake leaving 55, .if still quite moist (say 504510 percent water) may be subjected to squeezing, further rolling. or extrusion to remove mechanically as much water as is convenient (say cutting water 'content down to 20-30 percent) before drying, in order to reduce the size of the necessary drier and avoid. the necessity for unduly long drying times which would tend to cause case-hardening of particles in the drier, leaving the interiors moist, or softening of the particles so that the screen conveyor in the dryer would soon become plugged. Usually the pressing operation causes formation of a cake with more or less tendency to hold together, and hence a means B1 may be provided for breaking it -up into uniformly-sized pieces of dimension conducive to rapid drying and not too great resistance to air flow in the drier, such as pieces feed end of the drier, temperatures may be inainJ tained higher than at the discharge end, for the stock temperature tends to assume the wet bulb temperature of the air which is considerably lower than the dry bulb temperature. In gen-- eral the maximum stock temperature should be below about 300 F. The dried crumbs of rubH ber (they may be partially stuck together in a loose blanket) are discharged at l0, taken by conveyor 'il to a rubber mill 12 which forms the crumbs into a relatively smooth sheet which .is

then conveyed by I3 to cutting, 'stacking and packaging facilities.

An alternate means of finishing the wet filter cake would be to put it through heavy squeeze rolls to form a sheet, and then 'dry the 'sheet in an impingement type of continuous drier. In order to form a wet sheet, it may be necessary to sandwich the rubber between screens in passing it through the rolls. It is desirable in such a case slightly to acidify the leaching tank water.

The diolen recovery and compression system comprises two compressors, 16 and 80, and intercoc'ler il, surge drums T4 and 18 before each compressor, an aftercooler and a condenser Eil (the two may be separate or combined as one heat exchanger) and `a condensed diolefin receiver t2. The system illustrated refers particularly to butadiene recovery, 'as it would be more desirable to recover isoprene with just one compression stage. Twoy stages are used in order to get a high degree of recovery by going to a fairly high vacuum (1-2 pounds per square inch absolute) although equipment could 'be saved at the expense of material recovery and power by using only one stage for butadiene. The pressure leaving the second stage will be about Ll5 to 80 pounds gauge with ordinary cooling water in condenser 8i The recovered diolefln accumulate ing in receiver 82 is pumped by y33 through dow controller B4 into blending tank 2 wherein a uniform composition 'of diolefin fed t'o the poly'- merization system is established. It is often necessary or desirable to provide for distillation of the diolefin, either to remove inhibitor or polymer from freshly received diolen; or to purify recycle diolefin, since any impurities in the feed diolefin will tend to build up in the system until the concentration thereof in the dioleri lost,v multiplied by the amount lost, equals the amount introduced in the fresh feed. Similarly, when styrene is used, it may be necessary to vacuum 'distill or extract with caustic solution the asreceived styrene to remove inhibitors placed therein to protect it from polymerization during transport and storage.

The present invention is particularly adapted -for use in the production and finishing of emul-` sion copolymerizates of about 30 to 90 or preferm ably 60 to 80 parts of a conjugated diolen having 4 to 6 carbon atoms such as butadiene, isoprene, piperylene or dimethyl butadiene with to 10 or preferably 40 to 20 parts of a compound containing a single C=C linkage and capable of forming copolymers with said diolefin. Preferred compounds containing a single CIC linkage include styrene and substituted styrenes such as alpha methyl styrene and the like, acrylic nitrilee of 3 to 4 carbon atoms such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, or chloroacrylonitrile, acrylic and methacrylic acid esters and unsaturated ketones such as methyl vinyl ketone and the like.

rlhe polymerization reaction mixture is generally prepared by agitating the calculated amount of polymerizable materials Ain about an equal to fourfold, or preferably double the quantity of water or preferably recycled, aqueous comonomer solution, making due allowance for the amount of comonomer present in the recycled solution, using soap or other suitable surface active material as the emulsifying agent. The polymerization is usually effected at temperatures between about 0 to 60 C., or preferably oetweenv 10 and about 50 C. and in the presence of a rsuitable polymerization catalyst which is capable of liberating oxygen under the polymer ization conditions. Such catalysts' include hy-` drogen peroxide, alkali metal and ammonium persulfates or perborates or benzoyl peroxide or the like. It is also desirable to include a suit-- able modifier such as an alphatic mercaptan of about 8-16 carbon atoms or certain halogen compounds such as carbon tetrachloride or alpha chloroacrylonitrile in order to control the polymerization and in general to obtain a more plastic product.

The polymerization is conducted under a pressure sufficient to keep the most volatile component of the polymerization mixture in the liquid phase. The polymerization is continued until about 50-95 percent of a solid polymer, based upon the liquid monomers used is obtained. Upon completion of the polymerization a suitable stabilizing agent such as hydroquinone or phenylbeta-naphthylamine is added. rlhe stabilized latex in the storage drum is advantageously maintained at a pressure slightly above atmospheric. Alternatively, the latex could be stored after stripping.

The latex, after being stripped of unpolymerized mono-olefinic material, may in the case of acrylonitrile copolymerizates advantageously be cooled to about 35 C. prior to repressuring and the coagulation is subsequently effected at a temperature of about 30-35 C.

The following examples are illustrative of the present invention but the invention is by no means limited thereto.

Example 1 Buna S A five-stage continuous polymerization system of five reactors in series is fed with the following three streams:

Parts by Stream No. Weight Component The rst two streams are fed into a pre-emulsier equipped with a turbine type agitator and thence into the first of the series of polymerizers. The catalyst stream 3 is added to the first polymerizer. Additional streams of 0.167 part by weight of mercaptan per unit of time corresponding to the above quantities of the other reagents are added after the second and third stages. The rst reaction stage is maintained at 105 F., the second, and the third at 113 F., and the last two stages at 122 F. A conversion of about 62 percent is obtained with a nominal holdup time of the system of about 22 hours. The latex leaving the last stage is mixed with an emulsion of phenyl-beta-naphthylamine in soap water to the extent of providing 2 percent of the naphthylamine on the product. The latex is flashed to 5 pounds gauge pressure in the latex flash drum, having a holding time of about 36 hours. The latex is next flashed to 2 pounds per square inch absolute in the vacuum flash drum, from which it passes to a series of four strippers maintained at 150 mm. mercury absolute pressure by a common steam jet evactor and barometric condenser, the stripped vapors being passed through a condenser before entering the evactor. (In this case no booster is necessary.) 0.2 percent (base dry polymer) of lannlin. iS.

added to the latex as a foampreve'ntive; vThe stripper temperature will vary from 132 F. in the rst stage where considerable styrene is pres'- ent to 140 F. in the last stage where water is the principal volatile material present. About 10 pounds of steam are injected per pound of styrene removed, and the total nominal holding time in the strippers is about 6 hours. The latex passes from the strippers through a cooler where it is cooled to 110 F. or less, and is fed into the draft tube of a continuous coagulator. Two Volumes of 12 percent brine per volume of latex are also fed into the coagulator, from which the slurry passes to the slurry feed tank 55. Onehalf percent of zinc sulfate (based on the rubber) as a 5 percent water solution is added to the slurry entering the slurry tank. The slurry is filtered, yielding a cake containing 50 percent moisture on the wet basis, which is repulped with water to form a l5 percent slurry. The slurry is allowed to soak in the leaching tanks, filtered again to a 50 percent moisture content cake, pressed down to 20 percent moisture, put through a picker., and continuously dried at about 200 F. for not over one hour residence time. The dried blanket is sheeted, cut, and packaged.

Example 2.-Perb1man A batch polymerization system is supplied with the following reactants:

Component: Parts by weight Water 200, Butadiene Acrylonitrile 25 Sodium oleate (as equivalent sodium hydroxide and oleic acid)- 5 Ammonium persulfate 0.25 Lorol mercaptan 0.50

A reactor is charged with the above reactants, rst with water, then with sodium hydroxide, then with oleic acid to form a sodium oleate solutionl of about 8.5 pH. rihe acrylonitrile and mercaptan are then added, the agitation being turned on full, followed by the butadiene and the persulfate. The reaction is allowed to proceed at about 40 C. for about l2 hours (to about 75 percent conversion). The latex as it is discharged from the reactor is admixed with an emulsion of a benzene solution of phenyl-beta-naphthylamine in water to the extent of two parts of naphthylamine per hundred parts of polymer. The reactor batches are preferably staggered so that batches are discharged into the latex ash drum at fairly uniform intervals of time. The flashing operations are conducted in the same way as in Example 1.

The strippers are run at an absolute pressure of about mm. of mercury, with the corresponding stripping temperature varying from 118 F. to 125 F. as the acrylonitrile is removed. A booster is provided for each stage, increasing the pressure to 350 mm. The vapors from the first three stages are recycled to the reaction step. as water for the emulsion, the amount of dissolved nitrile therein being subtracted from the fresh nitrile to be added in each batch. The condensate from the last stage is discarded. It will be found that usually all the stripped nitrile is. dissolved in the recycle condensate. leaving the strippers is cooled to 100-110 F. and repressured with butadiene to 5-10 pounds gauge, coagulated at 3-8 pounds per guage with 0.8 volumes of brine at a pH of about 8.3. CO2 may b e injected into the coagulator if necessary. The

assassr 13 slurry of coagulated latex is ashed and filtered, washed, etc., as in Example 1.

Example .S2-Modified styrene resin Caustic soda Potassium persulfate 8 The reaction mixture is prepared in the same way as in the case of Perbunan, the isoprene corresponding to the butadiene, the styrene to the acrylonitrile and the carbon disulde to the mercaptan.

The batch is allowed to react for about 14 hours at 140 F. to give a conversion of about 90 percent. The batch is flashed to about one atmosphere and stripped (the vacuum -ashing step being omitted). The latex is stripped in three stages using about 10 pounds of steam per pound of unreacted styrene in the mixture at a pressure of 10o-150 mm. mercury absolute. As an antifoam agent, 0.15 percent of candelilla wax dissolved in a heavy, white, paraflin oil is added. No booster is used. The latex is cooled to 125 F., diluted with an equal volume of `Water and ooagulated continuously with an equal volume (basis diluted latex) of 12-15 percent sodium chloride brine. No repressuring is carried out. The slurry of coagulated latex is passed directly to the slurry storage tank and may beV further treated as indicated in previous examples for producing ordinary grades of resin, or washed with special solvents for certain uses.

The foregoing description is intended to be illustrative. It is to be understood that many variations are possible thereunder which are well within the purview of the following claims.

We claim:

1. In a process in which 30 to 90 parts of butadiene-1,3 monomer and 70 to 10 parts of acrylonitrile monomer are polymerized in a polymerization zone in aqueous emulsion in the presence of an oxygen yielding catalyst and in Which unreacted monomers are stripped in a stripping zone from the resulting latex of rubbery polymer, including a step of steam stripping unreacted acrylonitrile from the latex, the improvement which consists in condensing the stripped vapors which contain acrylonitrile and recycling the resulting aqueous condensate to the polymerization zone in lieu of fresh yWater otherwise required for the emulsification of the monomers, the said aqueous condensate containing 1 to 8% of dissolved acrylonitrile.

2. In a process wherein to 80 parts of butadiene-1,3 monomer and 40 to 20 parts of arcylonitrile monomer are polymerized in a polymerization Zone in the presence of an oxygen yielding catalyst at a temperature between 10 C. and 60 C. and at .a pressure of about 20 to 70 lbs. per sq. inch in aqueous emulsion containing 1 to 4 volumes of aqueous liquid per volume of monomers and wherein unreacted butadiene is `dashed cfr" from the resulting latex in a ashing Zone maintained at a pressure below 5 lbs. per sq. inch and wherein the flashed latex is passed through a series of steam stripping zones, the improvement which consists in condensing the steam vapors which contain unreacted acrylonitrile stripped from the latex and recycling to the polymerization Zone at least a portion of the resulting aqueous condensate which contains 1 to 6 weight percent of dissolved acrylonitrile, the aqueous nitrile condensate being fed to the polymerization zone in lieu of fresh water and fresh nitrile monomer otherwise required in the making up of the monomeric emulsion, the amount of acrylonitrile so recycled being equal to at least weight percent of the total aorylonitrile stripped from the polymerized latex.

ERNEST O. OHSOL. ARTHUR DONALD GREEN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,259,180 Schoenfeld Oct. 14, 1941 2,393,348 Waterman et al. Jan. 22, 1946 2,433,060 Ohsol et al Dec. 23, 1947 2,451,332 Green Oct. 12, 1948 2,455,714 Waterman et al Dec. 7, 1948 2,462,013 Waterman Feb. 15, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 304,207 Great Britain Apr. 15, 1930 364,089 Great Britain Dec. 21, 1931 

1. IN A PROCESS IN WHICH 30 TO 90 PARTS OF BUTADIENE-1,3 MONOMER AND 70 TO 10 PARTS OF ACRYLONITRILE MONOMER ARE POLYMERIZED IN A POLYMERIZATION ZONE IN AQUEOUSK EMULSION IN THE PRESENCE OF AN OXYGEN YIELDING CATALYST AND IN WHICH UNREACTED MONOMERS ARE STRIPPED IN A STRIPPING ZONE FROM THE RESULTING LATEX OF RUBBERY POLYMER, INCLUDING A STEP OF STEAM STRIPPING UNREACTED ACRYLONITRILE FROM THE LATEX, THE IMPROVEMENT WHICH CONSISTS IN CONDENSING THE STRIPPED VAPORS WHICH CONTAIN ACRYLONITRILE AND RECYCLING THE RESULTING AQUEOUS CONDENSATE TO THE POLYMERIZATION ZONE IN LIEU FRESH WATER OTHERWISE REQUIRED FOR THE EMULSIFICATION OF THE MONOMERS, THE SAID AQUEOUS CONDENSATE CONTAINING 1 TO 8% OF DISSOLVED ACRYLONITRILE. 